AFP elevation

This study establishes AFP elevation, mixed histology, and delayed chemotherapy as critical determinants of poor prognosis in GB-NEC. Our findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive surgical resection, and timely initiation of platinum-based adjuvant therapy.

In this study, we present a case of HCO from our institution and integrate this with a synthesis of recent advances in the field. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HCO, with the goal of improving clinical awareness and guiding future research directions.

Although conversion therapy can significantly downstage advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and allow curative-intent resection, the variability in long-term outcomes highlights the critical importance of preoperative tumor characteristics and treatment response assessment. Optimizing patient selection and enhancing postoperative surveillance and intervention strategies may improve long-term outcomes for these patients.

The Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab-Cluster (A-B-C) classification for unresectable HCC identified subgroups with histology, hepatic decompensation and patterns of progression, and prognostic trajectories, informing hypothesis generation for trial design and patient selection.

DNMT1 overexpression could serve as a biomarker for poor prognosis, and is closely associated with enhanced immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression in HCC. These findings suggest that DNMT1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for both conventional treatment and immunotherapy in HCC patients.

For patients with primary HCC measuring 2-3 cm and having less than three nodules, hepatectomy may offer superior prognostic benefits, particularly in those with elevated AFP levels. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized treatment decisions based on tumor size and AFP levels.

While prenatal ultrasound manifestations of fetal CHH demonstrate considerable heterogeneity, features are commonly observed in our cohort. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved in most cases through multimodal imaging combining ultrasound with MRI or CT. While most fetuses with CHH have a favorable prognosis, large tumors may cause severe complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes, warranting regular surveillance. For neonates with small tumors or asymptomatic lesions, active observation is the primary management strategy; pharmacotherapy is indicated for rapidly enlarging or large tumors, with interventional or surgical interventions reserved for pharmacologically refractory cases.

DAAs significantly reduce HCC incidence in Vietnamese patients with HCV-1; however, ongoing surveillance is essential for high-risk patients.

The integrated model combining AFP, PIVKA-II, and Barcelona Clinic liver cancer stage demonstrated moderate to good predictive capability for long-term risk stratification, with time-dependent area under the curves of 0.78 (9-month), 0.68 (12-month), and 0.63 (15-month). Concurrent elevation of AFP and PIVKA-II is significantly associated with shorter survival outcomes in HCC patients following ICI therapy.

DPM1 serves as a promising prognostic biomarker in HCC, with its expression correlating with unfavorable clinical outcomes and immune landscape alterations. Future studies should further validate DPM1's impact on ferroptosis and immune evasion in HCC, and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

In patients with an incomplete response, triple negative/AFP+ phenotypes had longer TTP compared to AFP-L3+/DCP+ phenotypes (median TTP: 63 months vs 10 months). Sustained AFP-L3+/DCP+ expression following LDT may be associated with aggressive residual tumor contributing to an incomplete response, increased risk of disease stage progression, and inferior survival outcomes.

Although none of these biochemical tests is diagnostic in itself, they can be actionable red flags to triage infants with cholestasis toward the most appropriate specific investigations.