P2, N=26, Active, not recruiting, University Health Network, Toronto | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026

P2, N=10, Active, not recruiting, UNICANCER | Trial completion date: Mar 2026 --> Mar 2027

P2, N=7, Active, not recruiting, Northwestern University | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=43 --> 7 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2028 --> May 2026

P2, N=86, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Sep 2026 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2026 --> Feb 2026

P2, N=48, Active, not recruiting, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University | Not yet recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Mar 2026

P2, N=43, Recruiting, Northwestern University | Trial completion date: Jul 2028 --> Jul 2030 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2026 --> Jul 2028

P2, N=90, Not yet recruiting, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital

P1, N=30, Suspended, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Recruiting --> Suspended

Outcomes following progression on chemotherapy and MAPK-targeted therapy with Encorafenib plus Cetuximab remain poor, highlighting an unmet need for effective later-line treatments. We discuss the mechanistic framework by which a subset of BRAFV600E-mutant MSS mCRC may respond to immune checkpoint inhibition through an inflamed immune microenvironment driven by constitutive MAPK signalling. This case illustrates the interplay between tumour-agnostic biomarkers such as TMB-high and tumour-specific context, and highlights the value of longitudinal genomic profiling, including ctDNA, to identify resistance mechanisms and guide treatment selection.

Although the TACE+D+C group exhibited immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (e.g., hypothyroidism and reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation), no significant differences were observed between the two groups in drug-related TRAEs, TRAEs after TACE, or Grade 3 TRAEs. The TACE+D+C group significantly improves ORR, PFS and OS in uHCC patients with a comparable safety profile to the TACE+D group, while the single-center retrospective design limits generalizability, warranting prospective studies.

P1/2, N=15, Terminated, Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd | N=42 --> 15 | Recruiting --> Terminated; Due to R&D strategy adjustments; no safety issues involved.