Cutaneous Melanoma

P3, N=1301, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jan 2026 --> Jan 2027

P1, N=12, Terminated, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Dec 2027 --> Feb 2026 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2027 --> Feb 2026; <75% participation

P1, N=106, Recruiting, MonTa Biosciences ApS | N=69 --> 106 | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Mar 2027

P3, N=257, Active, not recruiting, Pfizer | Trial completion date: Mar 2026 --> Aug 2026

Individuals carrying rare potentially pathogenic variants in cancer genes tended to have lower PRS, suggesting complementary genetic architectures. These findings indicate that, in the absence of high-penetrance mutations, the risk for MPM is largely driven by the cumulative burden of low- and moderate-risk alleles, supporting the integration of PRS and rare variant data for melanoma risk stratification.

P3, N=78, Active, not recruiting, Erasca, Inc. | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=470 --> 78

P1, N=10, Active, not recruiting, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland | Trial primary completion date: May 2025 --> Apr 2026

This review synthesises current knowledge of molecular and liquid biopsy biomarkers in ocular melanoma, highlighting their relevance for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment personalisation. The integration of established tissue-based molecular markers with novel liquid biopsy technologies will enable a unique framework for biomarker-guided precision oncology and risk-adapted surveillance in uveal and conjunctival melanoma, offering insight into strategies for early detection, therapeutic monitoring, and personalised clinical management.

High-level TRAE management showed a trend toward improved treatment adherence, which was statistically significant for pyrexia. Optional use of an app did not influence treatment adherence.

Interleukin profiling offers a biologically relevant framework for understanding immune regulation in cutaneous melanoma. Integrating interleukin signatures into prognostic models may support more refined risk stratification and advance the implementation of personalized medicine approaches in melanoma management.

Our integrative approach identifies CDH17 and HOXC13 as biologically relevant, stage-associated prognostic biomarkers in UM. These findings provide a foundation for mechanistic studies and potential translational applications, including therapeutic targeting and risk-stratified patient management.