FOLH1 expression

The MNT-antiPSMA construct demonstrated the capacity to accumulate specifically in the nuclei of prostate cancer cells with both low and high PSMA expression. Conversely, MNT-GRP exhibited selective nuclear entry exclusively in cells characterized by high GRPR expression.

Subsequent studies focused on the in vitro stability and cellular interaction with two prostate cancer cell lines with different PSMA expression levels, in both 2D and 3D cell cultures, to assess effective targeting. Results indicate that radiolabeled AuNPs exhibit selective interaction with PSMA-expressing cells and present a stronger in vitro cytotoxic effect when functionalized with the PSMA molecule, confirming their potential as theranostic agents and warranting further investigation in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice.

FOLH1 may be involved in tumor progression by regulating amino acid metabolic pathways and the immune microenvironment. It is a promising pan-cancer prognostic marker and synergistic target for immunotherapy.

In addition, a polypoid intraluminal tracheal lesion demonstrated intense PSMA expression. Histopathology confirmed adenoid cystic carcinoma, emphasizing the modality's value beyond prostate cancer.

We review their molecular biology, preclinical validation, clinical translation, and ongoing trials. These biomarkers represent diverse biological compartments, broadening the scope of precision radiotheranostics for prostate cancer.

P1/2, N=6, Completed, Amsterdam UMC Stichting | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Multicycle [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and pembrolizumab showed encouraging activity with manageable toxicity that was consistent with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 or pembrolizumab, and the combination might provide durable clinical benefit in a subset of patients.

This review summarizes the biological features of ACP3, its historical and current role as a biomarker, and emerging therapeutic applications, with a primary focus on ACP3-targeted molecular imaging and radioligand therapy. The available evidence positions ACP3 as a compelling next-generation theranostic target with the potential to overcome key limitations of PSMA-based approaches and expand precision treatment options for patients with prostate cancer.

Following debulking, the patient's symptoms resolved, and a watchful-waiting strategy was adopted for the tracheal tumor, while curative-intent therapy for prostate cancer continued. This case highlights that 18F-PSMA PET/CT may reveal rare, intensely PSMA-avid non-prostatic neoplasms and underscores the importance of recognizing atypical uptake patterns to avoid misinterpretation during prostate cancer staging.

The incorporation of an alkyne tag into the glutamate-ureido-lysine moiety, which has high affinity for PSMA, yielded the probe PSMA-BADY. The selectivity and specificity of the probe were established in prostate cancer cell models with known PSMA expression profiles, indicating the potential of PSMA-BADY for localizing PSMA in multicellular environments using SRS microscopy.

While [¹⁸F]PSMA 1007 PET/CT remains superior for overall lesion detection, [¹⁸F]FAPI 42 PET/CT may provide complementary value in selected scenarios, particularly in subsets with reduced PSMA expression.

Major challenges include variable PSMA distribution, potential uptake in inflammatory liver processes, and the absence of prospective controlled trials. Nonetheless, PSMA-based imaging and therapy represent a promising frontier in precision medicine for HCC, warranting rigorous clinical validation and exploration in combination with established locoregional treatments.