Hairy Cell Leukemia

More recently, two BRAF(V600E)-based HCL mouse models have been developed that could be extremely useful both for functional studies and for testing the activity of new drugs. This review aims to summarize current understanding of key pathogenic mechanisms underlying HCL development and discusses major hurdles that need to be overcome in the context of other BRAF-mutated malignancies.

Notably, molecular analyses detected atypical mycobacteria in lymph nodes. This unusual co-occurrence of HCL with atypical mycobacterial infection in the lung and lymph nodes poses a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, highlighting the importance of recognizing such presentations to optimize patient management.

This study establishes a ML-optimized strategy for B-CLPD classification, combining phenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular data to enhance diagnostic accuracy of leukemic B-CLPD cells. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT04952974.

With the advent of targeted therapies, including antibodies such as blinatumomab and inotuzumab and small molecule inhibitors, such as the BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and venetoclax, the treatment landscape of leukemia has drastically changed, improving survival outcomes while relying less on overall chemotherapy intensity in many leukemia types. Advancements in the treatment of TP53-mutated, MECOM-rearranged, and treated secondary AML are still needed to improve outcomes in these adverse risk groups. The authors also review the recent progress in the treatment of the acute and chronic leukemias.

P1/2, N=84, Recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting | Initiation date: Sep 2025 --> Jun 2026

P1, N=37, Active, not recruiting, City of Hope Medical Center | Trial completion date: Sep 2025 --> Sep 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2025 --> Sep 2026

P1, N=30, Active, not recruiting, City of Hope Medical Center | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jun 2026

The patient was treated with cladribine and rituximab and achieved hematological recovery. This case highlights the usefulness of FCM for the diagnosis of HCL in the presence of splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and myelofibrosis, even though hairy cells may be absent in peripheral blood.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, indolent B-cell lymphoma that is highly responsive to the purine analog cladribine...Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiological links between HCL, large cell transformation, and HLH. Additionally, registry or other cross-sectional studies with larger numbers of HCL patients could clarify the exact frequency of these rare but fatal complications.

Furthermore, a ≥50% increase in sIL-2R levels over any 1-year interval during follow-up predicted impending relapse. In a context where patients with HCL are expected to achieve a life expectancy comparable to that of the general population, sIL-2R has the potential to serve as a non-invasive tool alongside MRD to predict relapse and to identify those patients who may fail to derive the most benefit from current treatments.

For a disease that is more prevalent in Caucasians and less common in African populations, we report an unusual case of CD103-negative classical HCL in a 43-year-old African male, who presented with refractory anemia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly. In patients with refractory anemia, it is crucial to consider investigating HCL, as this may influence therapeutic decisions and, consequently, overall patient outcomes.