Hepatocellular Cancer

P=N/A, N=20, Not yet recruiting, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute

P2, N=74, Recruiting, Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | N=46 --> 74

P=N/A, N=300, Recruiting, University Hospital, Angers | Initiation date: Sep 2025 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2028 --> Dec 2028 | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting | Trial completion date: Oct 2028 --> Mar 2029

P=N/A, N=715, Completed, Tongji Hospital

P1/2, N=36, Completed, Sun Yat-sen University | Trial completion date: Feb 2025 --> Mar 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Feb 2024 --> Mar 2026 | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Patients stratified into the high-risk group based on the nomogram-derived score exhibited significantly shorter DFS than those in the low-risk group (P < 0.001), thereby substantiating the model's prognostic utility. Overall, the proposed nomogram model exhibited satisfactory performance in predicting MVI Preoperatively and stratifying recurrence risk in patients with early-stage HCC, thus facilitating individualized risk assessment and treatment planning.

Advanced age, elevated AFP, multilocality, and larger tumor size increase mortality risk, while smoking and alcohol consumption further elevate recurrence risk. Early identification of high-risk patients, individualized intervention, and close postoperative follow-up focusing on modifiable risk factors are recommended to improve patient outcomes.

Apoptosis was selectively localized to tumor tissue. These results establish a structure-function relationship in which chitosan-mediated confinement regulates metal release, dual-metal integration amplifies tumor-specific oxidative stress, and hepatic targeting enhances therapeutic index, supporting Se-Ag nanohybrids as a materials-driven platform for redox-based liver cancer therapy.

IL-6 demonstrates greater consistency as a biomarker of progression and prognosis in cirrhosis-associated HCC, whereas IL-10 emerges as an immune regulatory marker with heterogeneous behavior depending on disease etiology, tumor stage, and the tumor microenvironment. Standardization of assay methodologies, cutoff values, and multivariable prognostic models is essential for clinical implementation.

These findings suggest LGALS3 as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and a potential therapeutic target to enhance immune responses in GI cancers.

JPX should not be regarded as a uniformly oncogenic lncRNA. Its role appears to depend on tumor context, the dominant downstream program, and, in some settings, the status of the JPX-XIST axis. JPX is better viewed as a candidate biomarker and an experimental target than as a clinically validated one.

Together, these findings suggest that hematopoietic clones harboring specific mutations may act as upstream regulators of chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis within the GI tract. This review consolidates gene-specific mechanisms, interactions with the gut-liver immune axis, and implications for targeted interventions linking CHIP with gastrointestinal inflammation, fibrosis, and malignancy.