In contrast, elevations in general inflammatory markers (white blood cell count, eosinophils, and C-reactive protein) or in lactate dehydrogenase, an indicator of atopic dermatitis, were observed in only a minority of events. These findings suggest that TARC may be a useful biomarker for identifying lenalidomide-induced rash and may aid in optimizing clinical management while maintaining treatment continuity.

This bibliometric analysis highlights the rapidly evolving field of lenalidomide resistance in MM. Future efforts should focus on developing next-generation agents against resistance, designing rational combination therapies targeting key pathways like signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/ nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and establishing evidence-based treatment consensus to improve outcomes.

P=N/A, N=911, Completed, Celgene | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

P=N/A, N=100, Completed, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia

P2, N=49, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: May 2026 --> May 2027

All had received novel agents, three had lenalidomide maintenance, and two had undergone ASCT...Patients were treated with vincristine, anthracycline, and steroid-based regimens and achieved measurable residual disease negativity in two patients, however, only one patient alive at 21 months of follow-up and the remaining three succumbing within seven months of diagnosis. Therapy-related B-ALL is a rare but aggressive secondary malignancy in MM, commonly detected when presented with cytopenias. Prognosis of this entity is poor, in comparision to de novo B-ALL, underscoring the need for vigilant clinical follow-up, an urgent need to identify factors that predict the development of therapy-related malignancies and exploration of tailored therapeutic strategies.

CRBN-targeting immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), including lenalidomide and pomalidomide, are widely used in hematologic malignancies but are associated with an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Early-onset PE risk is mechanistically linked to vascular endothelial injury and inflammatory signaling, supporting the use of dynamic risk stratification tools (e.g., IMPEDE-VTE score) and early DOAC intervention. Public health policy should integrate molecular insights with real-world surveillance to optimize clinical safety frameworks for oncology patients.

P1, N=13, Terminated, University Hospital, Bordeaux | Completed --> Terminated; target number of inclusion not reached

Tamoxifen-4-boronic acid conjugated to lenalidomide through a rigid piperidine-methylene-piperazine linker was found to yield degraders that show nanomolar antiestrogenic potency and excellent oral bioavailability. The most active ER degrader with good pharmacokinetic profile, 4r, showed remarkable in vivo efficacy in blocking ER+ (both non-mutant and Y537S mutant) breast tumor growth as a monotherapy or in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.

Specifically, dose reduction is recommended for patients with BSA < 1.6 m2 to maintain therapeutic exposure while minimizing toxicity; conversely, dose escalation is warranted for patients with BSA ≥ 2.0 m2 to prevent underexposure. Our model identifies eGFR and BSA as critical covariates for precision dosing of lenalidomide to optimize therapeutic exposure in MM patients with RI.

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), including lenalidomide and pomalidomide in combination with proteasome inhibitors, dexamethasone and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, play a central role in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) across newly diagnosed and relapsed stages. In this review, we explore current literature on the molecular and immune mechanisms related to the onset of therapeutic resistance. We then suggest ways to overcome resistance and exemplify options for the future, focusing on immunotherapy combinations with IMiDs or CELMoDs and novel agents.

Five prognostic LRGs were determined for CRC, and a new risk model was developed and validated, revealing the critical role of LRGs in CRC and improving our understanding of clinical interventions for this cancer type.