Leiomyosarcoma

Despite aggressive pathology, no metastases were identified, and the patient remained recurrence-free at 6 months postoperatively, with chemotherapy reserved for recurrence or metastasis. This report emphasizes the diagnostic challenges, surgical complexity, and clinical significance of primary renal fibrosarcoma and highlights the importance of including it in the differential diagnosis of large renal masses with vascular involvement.

Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a primary leiomyosarcoma of the transverse mesocolon. The patient has been followed postoperatively without adjuvant therapy, and no signs of recurrence have been observed during the 10 months since surgery.

In PWTs, B-cells correlated with IBA-1 and inversely correlated with CD204. These findings suggest the presence of a TIME favoring anti-tumor immunity in PWTs and a pro-tumoral TIME in myxosarcomas, reinforcing the concept that canine STS histotypes elicit distinct immune responses.

Therefore, we have reviewed in detail several types of models, including: syngeneic (e.g., MCA205 and KRIMS series), chemically induced (e.g., MCA, DMBA), cell-derived xenografts (CDX; e.g., KCS8 and KCS9 osteosarcoma lines), patient-derived xenograft (PDX; e.g., pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma and GIST models), including humanised PDX (huPDX; e.g. HuNOG-EXL), and zebrafish (e.g. tp53M214K PNST and EWS-FLI1 transgenics) - to illustrate their sarcoma-specific use cases and discuss their advantages and limitations. Genetically engineered models and their development are not a subject of this review, as they represent a very broad subject independently and are discussed elsewhere.

Secondary morphological changes in uterine leiomyosarcomas associated with hormone therapy pose significant diagnostic challenges. Next generation sequencing can provide valuable evidence for the diagnosis of morphologically challenging cases of leiomyosarcoma in clinical practice.

P2, N=72, Active, not recruiting, City of Hope Medical Center | Trial completion date: Oct 2025 --> Sep 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2025 --> Sep 2026

P2, N=100, Recruiting, Italian Sarcoma Group | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026

Metastasis to the thyroid gland is an exceedingly rare phenomenon and can be difficult to differentiate from primary thyroid malignancy based on clinical presentation especially when the primary site is unknown. The cytomorphological features may also be diagnostically challenging. Detailed clinical and radiological information combined with astute analysis of morphological features as well as the judicious application of immunomarker panels may be valuable. Patient prognosis and management are greatly influenced by early diagnosis and differentiating metastasis from primary malignancies.

In conclusion, MGMT promoter methylation may be a prognostic biomarker in select solid tumors; however, its impact on OS varies by cancer type. Further studies with standardized methylation assessment methods are warranted to clarify its prognostic and predictive utility, especially on OS.

Mohs micrographic surgery remains the preferred treatment, offering precise tumor margin control and minimizing recurrence risk compared to wide local excision, while systemic options such as imatinib are reserved for unresectable or metastatic disease. Early recognition and intervention are especially critical in older patients, given their higher risk of adverse outcomes.

Beyond their diagnostic utility, these molecular signatures increasingly inform prognosis and highlight potential therapeutic targets, including CDK4/6 inhibition, PI3K/AKT/mTOR blockade, and immunotherapy. This review summarizes the evolving molecular landscape of uterine mesenchymal tumors, underscoring the value of integrating molecular testing into clinical practice to enhance diagnostic precision and enable personalized management of these rare yet clinically significant neoplasms.

Colonic LMS is a rare and aggressive tumor that often evades preoperative diagnosis, especially when biopsies are inconclusive. Surgical resection with negative margins is the mainstay of treatment, and close surveillance is essential due to the high risk of recurrence.