While 1.5 mg/kg Roflumilast showed no protective effects, 3 mg/kg markedly reduced inflammatory and injury markers, improved tissue architecture, and decreased KIM-1 expression. These findings suggest that a higher dose of Roflumilast effectively mitigates LPS-induced systemic inflammation and organ injury, supporting its potential as a therapeutic option for sepsis.
Remyelination was confirmed through Luxol fast blue staining, accompanied by reduced apoptotic marker, caspase-3, in oligodendrocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that ROFL exerts neuroprotective effects and highlight the therapeutic potential of PDE-4 inhibition as a strategy for MS treatment.