Biologic therapy for PsO may represent a safe treatment option in patients with a history of malignancy, compared with conventional systemic therapies or apremilast. Among biologic agents, IL-23 inhibitors appear to be associated with the most favorable safety profile.

P2, N=480, Recruiting, Verona Pharma plc | Trial completion date: Apr 2026 --> Jul 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2026 --> Jul 2026

P2, N=100, Recruiting, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

P=N/A, N=72, Not yet recruiting, Foundation University Islamabad

P2, N=180, Active, not recruiting, Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. | Not yet recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

P2, N=50, Active, not recruiting, Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. | Trial completion date: Aug 2025 --> Aug 2026

P2, N=80, Not yet recruiting, Yale University | N=120 --> 80

P2, N=195, Active, not recruiting, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

In addition, 089 exhibited good tolerability in a nude mouse HCT-116 xenograft model, but it was less effective at a dose of 40 mg/kg compared with Apremilast at a dose of 30 mg/kg in 8-s day's assay. While 089 had lower in-vivo efficacy than apremilast, its novel 3-aminoisoquinoline scaffold and high tolerability make it a superior candidate for further optimization.

P2, N=92, Active, not recruiting, Ganzhou Hemay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026

Despite the immunogenetics incriminating the IL-23/IL-17 axis, clinical evidence confirming the role of IL-23/IL-17/inhibition in BS therapy is still limited including disappointing results with secukinumab in trials for Behçet's uveitis. However, emerging evidence from small-scale retrospective studies, prospective trials, and case reports indicates that IL-23/IL-17 axis inhibition may benefit mucocutaneous and articular manifestations, as well as neuro-Behçet's disease and the licensed PDE4 inhibitor apremilast regulates multiple aspects of IL-23/17 axis and neutrophil biology...Herein, we discuss IL-23/IL-17 axis inhibition in BS and why it should be used cautiously and be limited to mucocutaneous and/or articular manifestations at this juncture. Further randomized controlled trials are imperative to dissect the IL-23/IL-17 axis in BS including high-dose anti-IL-23 therapy antagonism given that neutrophils are an abundant source of IL-23 and consider novel strategies including IL-23R antagonism.

The brain-penetrant drug ibudilast, which prevents the binding of MIF to CD74, decreased brain metastasis in experimental models in vivo and in patient-derived organotypic cultures ex vivo in a primary tumor-agnostic manner. These findings suggest that MIF/CD74-induced reprogramming of myeloid cells in brain disorders is a vulnerability that could be exploited therapeutically against brain metastases, and possibly other brain disorders.