However, interpretation of these findings is limited by the non-randomized design and differences in rituximab exposure between groups, which may have contributed to the observed outcomes and limited definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: The authors have confirmed clinical trial registration is not needed for this submission.

Treatment regimens included Cladribine alone or with Rituximab, yielding high response rates and minimal toxicity. In this multiethnic Middle Eastern and North African cohort, HCL predominantly affected middle-aged men and was often incidentally detected. Cladribine-based therapy achieved durable remissions with excellent survival, highlighting consistent efficacy across diverse populations.

Standard treatment with purine analogs (i.e. cladribine) induces long-term remissions, but up to 25% of patients relapse early...The functional importance of DUSP1 was corroborated by demonstrating that BMSC-induced protection from cell death could be overcome through DUSP1 inhibition. Our results might set the stage for future clinical testing of DUSP1 inhibition to eliminate minimal residual disease (MRD) and prevent disease relapse in HCL.

P3, N=264, Recruiting, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany | Trial primary completion date: May 2028 --> Aug 2028

This rare association of CML with LCH expands the recognized spectrum of LCH-associated malignancies. It underscores the importance of long-term surveillance in LCH patients, with particular vigilance for secondary malignancies. It also highlights the need for further research into possible biological relationships between histiocytic and myeloid neoplasms.

Collectively, these findings suggest that ASXL1MUT AML may be more appropriately classified as intermediate risk in the context of LIT+VEN-based therapy, with the depth of impact influenced by the specific LIT backbone.

P1, N=29, Recruiting, Institut Paoli-Calmettes | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

This case suggests that the combination of cladribine and low-dose rituximab may be an effective therapeutic strategy for classical HCL with TP53 abnormality, enabling deep molecular response and reversal of associated bone marrow fibrosis. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.

P4, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki

P1, N=3, Terminated, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | N=40 --> 3 | Trial completion date: Dec 2027 --> Mar 2026 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2027 --> Mar 2026; Slow participant enrollment

P2, N=60, Not yet recruiting, Uppsala University

P=N/A, N=30, Recruiting, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University