P2, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Sichuan University

P=N/A, N=110, Recruiting, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

Our data suggested that silibinin may inhibit HNSCC progression through modulation of the interleukin-17 signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinity between silibinin and key targets, supporting its potential as an HNSCC therapeutic agent.

P3, N=114, Not yet recruiting, Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd

P3, N=150, Recruiting, Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd

P2, N=72, Completed, Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd | Recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jul 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2025 --> Jun 2025

P4, N=308, Terminated, VA Office of Research and Development | Completed --> Terminated; The study sponsor stopped the trial early after enrolling 308 of the target sample size because of a slower than expected recruitment rate.

P4, N=60, Not yet recruiting, Brigham and Women's Hospital | Initiation date: Sep 2025 --> Sep 2026

Antibiotics such as doxycycline, rifampicin, and azithromycin demonstrate anticancer properties by inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis, and regulating key pathways including the interleukin (IL)-6 signaling pathway and autophagy-related pathways. By elucidating the pivotal role of biofilms in persistent infections and highlighting untapped therapeutic opportunities in antibiotic repurposing, this review underscores a transformative approach to cancer treatment. This article explores the potential of repurposing antibiotic drugs for cancer treatment and highlights the prospects of drug repurposing strategies.

P1, N=22, Recruiting, Emory University | Trial completion date: Jul 2025 --> Jul 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2025 --> Jul 2026

P=N/A, N=104, Not yet recruiting, The First Hospital of Jilin University; The First Hospital of Jilin University

These platforms have been used to test candidate therapies, including GLP-1 analogues (exendin-4, liraglutide), kinsenoside, silibinin, and bile-acid modulators, and to interrogate gut - liver axis disruption that supports microbiota-targeted strategies. Animal models have advanced our understanding of their unique drivers, including bile acid dysregulation, leptin signaling, and oxidative stress. These insights may guide the development of targeted therapies tailored to lean patients and improve clinical outcomes through individualized approaches.