Tepezza (teprotumumab-trbw)

Therapeutically, anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibodies, teprotumumab, and avacopan target critical pathways and improve refractory cases, while Janus kinase inhibitors, B-cell-directed combinations, and engineered regulatory T-cell therapies show promise but require rigorous safety and translational validation. This review discusses major advances in immunopathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics, comparing disease commonalities and distinctions to propose a framework for precision management. It envisions multi-omics phenotyping, artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostics, and pathway-directed immunomodulation to reduce blindness and enhance quality of life, bridging rheumatology and ophthalmology.

P2, N=60, Not yet recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University

P4, N=30, Shanghai General Hospital; Shanghai General Hospital

P=N/A, N=90, The Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen University; The Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen University

P=N/A, N=50, Recruiting, Peking University Third Hospital

P=N/A, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital

P=N/A, N=550, Not yet recruiting, Eye and ENT hospital of Fudan University; Eye and ENT hospital of Fudan University

P=N/A, N=62, Not yet recruiting, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universit

P=N/A, N=111, Not yet recruiting, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital; Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital

P4, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital

P1, N=20, Completed, Amgen | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

P4, N=313, Completed, Amgen | Active, not recruiting --> Completed