Thymic Carcinoma

Prognosis in TETs relies primarily on histology and staging, whereas molecular and immunological biomarkers represent emerging tools for risk stratification and treatment selection. Multiparametric models integrating clinical, pathological, and molecular data may pave the way for precision oncology in TETs.

Although gene amplification is rare, protein expression is more frequent, suggesting potential for targeted therapy. Detailed molecular profiling and innovative research methods are essential to further explore the therapeutic potential of HER2 in these rare cancers.

Novel therapeutic approaches are emerging, including PRMT5 inhibitors in MTAP-deficient tumors, TROP-2-directed antibody-drug conjugates (e.g., sacituzumab govitecan), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies targeting mesothelin. Bispecific agents such as bintrafusp alfa and ivonescimab, which co-target various pathways, offer innovative strategies. Despite these advances, TC remains a challenging malignancy with no standardized treatment algorithm. Collaborative efforts across institutions will be essential to accelerate progress and improve outcomes in this rare disease.

P=N/A, N=72, Completed, Travera Inc | Recruiting --> Completed | N=200 --> 72 | Trial completion date: Jul 2028 --> Mar 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2027 --> Mar 2026

Subsequent next-generation sequencing of the lymph node metastasis revealed a novel heterozygous MUTYH frameshift mutation, c.848delT (p.M283Rfs*3), which was confirmed to be of germline origin by Sanger sequencing of the patient's normal thyroid tissue. This case expands the disease spectrum associated with heterozygous MUTYH carriers and enhances the understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors in this population.

Systemic therapy advances include KIT/PIK3CA-targeted agents (imatinib, everolimus) showing modest efficacy, while programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors demonstrate 20-30% response rates in thymic carcinoma but are associated with a >50% risk of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Platinum-based chemotherapy [cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (CAP) regimen] remains standard for advanced disease...TETs management is evolving rapidly through technological and biological advances. Future progress hinges on: (I) validating artificial intelligence (AI)-driven imaging classifiers; (II) conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical approaches; (III) elucidating immunotherapy toxicity mechanisms; and (IV) developing predictive composite biomarkers integrating genomic, immunological, and clinical parameters to enable precision medicine while mitigating fatal toxicities.

CD5 and CD117 are the best markers for TC. While the addition of other markers (i.e., BAP1 loss, MTAP loss and CDKN2A deletion) might be useful in cases negative for CD5 and CD117, rare cases of type B3 thymoma might harbor these alterations.

We report two cases of advanced thymic carcinoma treated with the programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor envafolimab with chemotherapy (liposomal paclitaxel and cisplatin)...Both patients achieved PFS (6 and 9 months, respectively) that exceeded the median PFS reported in previous clinical studies using chemotherapy alone (5 months). This combination warrants further investigation in clinical trials.

P2, N=9, Active, not recruiting, Dwight Owen | N=30 --> 9 | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

P2, N=31, Not yet recruiting, Shanghai Chest Hospital

In this cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with lung SCC, a meaningful number of patients experienced misdiagnosis, which was identified using a multipronged AI-assisted approach. Diagnosis changes prompted by AI and orthogonal evidence may assist clinicians in prognostication and therapy selection.

The AR is expressed in a considerable fraction of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms and is associated with male predominance. This observation has implications for investigation of androgen deprivation and receptor blockade.