P1, N=32, Recruiting, Washington University School of Medicine | N=16 --> 32

P1/2, N=4, Terminated, Roswell Park Cancer Institute | N=64 --> 4 | Suspended --> Terminated; Low accrual

P1, N=14, Active, not recruiting, University of Southern California | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Jan 2027 --> Jan 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2026 --> Jan 2027

However, the unique challenges of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the detrimental effect of necessary corticosteroids remain paramount barriers. Future success relies on multi-modal combination strategies, the development of next-generation personalized neoantigen vaccines, and the application of advanced neuroimaging to accurately assess treatment response.

P1, N=30, Not yet recruiting, Washington University School of Medicine

The findings also show that adding polyICLC to IFA can significantly enhance Ab responses. Collectively, this work underscores the immunologic potential of peptide-induced Abs and the importance of adjuvant selection in cancer vaccine design.

P2, N=42, Completed, Highlight Therapeutics | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

P1, N=33, Completed, Washington University School of Medicine | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Intratumoral poly-ICLC immunotherapy for PCa is safe and may modulate the tumor microenvironment, enhancing antitumor responses. These findings support larger, controlled trials to assess effects on long-term clinical outcomes.

The safety and compatibility of combining oregovomab with Hiltonol® have been demonstrated in this study. The potential to enhance activity of chemotherapy using oregovomab indirect immunization and Hiltonol® stimulation is proposed.

P1, N=33, Active, not recruiting, Washington University School of Medicine | Trial completion date: Dec 2027 --> Nov 2025

Vaccine immunotherapy for GBM appears to depend on dendritic cells to achieve significant improvements in survival. The incorporation of innate immunity modulators such as GM-CSF and Poly-ICLC, along with stratification by MGMT-methylation, are promising. Although an expressive HR reduction was achieved, there are still primary scientific validity concerns, the residual hazard leads to a reserved prognosis and should be addressed by multimodal treatment approaches.