TMB (Tumor Mutational Burden)

CST7 contributes to enhanced ICI and boosts the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for LIHC.

Finally, the hypomethylating drug decitabine led to reduction of DNA methylation entropy specifically in IDH2-mutant AML cells. Overall, this approach identified a convergent program of epigenetic dysregulation in leukemia, clarifying the contribution of specific genetic mutations to stochastic disruption of the epigenetic and transcriptional landscapes of AML.

The PMAPscore-based risk model is a robust tool for predicting survival and immunotherapy responses in patients with advanced GC, supporting its clinical application for treatment stratification.

Importantly, the imidazotetrazine agent N3-(2-fluoroethyl) imidazotetrazine (KL-50) bypassed MMR dependence and overcame temozolomide resistance. These findings suggest MMR deficiency in GBM as a driver of immune suppression rather than tumor immunogenicity and carry important implications for therapy selection.

Network and pathway analyses revealed convergent oncogenic hubs and distinct signaling dependencies across subgroups. This large-scale integrative study provides a re ned map of the genetic landscape of thymic epithelial tumors, highlights biologically meaningful heterogeneity, and establishes a framework to guide future research and the development of targeted therapies.

The NNT9 model, which integrates readily available clinical parameters with TMB, represents an accurate and clinically feasible tool for predicting immunotherapy benefit in a pan-cancer cohort, and shows promise for clinical translation.

In this review, we evaluate the predictive utility of conventional biomarkers, namely, programmed death-ligand 1 expression and tumor mutation burden, and survey emerging candidates, including proteomic immune signatures, for predicting response or resistance to ICIs in the MMRd EC population. We also examine machine-learning approaches that integrate multi-omics and clinicopathological data to improve stratification, and consider how mechanistic insights into ICI resistance may inform novel therapeutic strategies.

The treatment was well tolerated, with no severe treatment-related adverse events observed. This case suggests that combining local tumor ablation with systemic immunomodulatory therapy may represent a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy responsiveness and facilitate organ-preserving treatment in selected patients with MSS rectal cancer.

These findings highlight the urgent need for age-specific prognostic tools, biomarker-guided therapies, and early detection protocols. International collaboration will be key to improving survival and long-term quality of life in this growing patient population.

Immunotherapy in high-grade glioma remains investigational, with randomized evidence to date demonstrating limited benefit for routine checkpoint inhibition in both newly diagnosed and recurrent disease. Selected vaccine and adoptive cellular strategies have shown encouraging survival signals in defined contexts, particularly when integrated following maximal safe resection. Persistent biological barriers, including tumor heterogeneity, antigen escape, low tumor mutational burden, and an immunosuppressive environment, continue to constrain durable responses. Future progress will depend on biologically informed trial design, optimized delivery strategies, and careful patient selection to ascertain the potential efficacy of immunotherapy in treating GBM.

Integrating these findings, we derive a seven-gene brain metastasis-derived immune signature (BMIS) that is associated with ICI response and survival in NSCLC and metastatic urothelial carcinoma and provides information complementary to tumor mutational burden. These results highlight immune features specific to brain metastatic NSCLC and suggest candidate biomarkers and therapeutic avenues for improving immunotherapy in this high-risk population.

These molecular tools have the potential to change how CRC is managed by earlier detection and more precise predictive biomarkers. However, large-scale validation and clinical standardization are still crucial for their extensive utilization.