Zadaxin (thymalfasin)

P2, N=30, Recruiting, Zekuan Xu | Trial primary completion date: May 2025 --> Jan 2026

Neoadjuvant serplulimab, SOX, and thymalfasin produced encouraging pathological response, substantial nodal clearance, and an acceptable safety profile in stage III G/EGJ adenocarcinoma. Peripheral immune and transcriptomic profiling are consistent with a hypothesis in which thymalfasin may help preserve and coordinate systemic antitumor immunity without excessive toxicity. These findings warrant further larger randomized trials.

P=N/A, N=300, Not yet recruiting, Nanjing Medical University

Complementary transcriptomic analysis using a compact four-gene Tα1 Response Index (Tα1-RI: TLR9, TLR2, IRF1, NLRC5) in TCGA-BRCA (n = 1,112) confirmed positive correlations with antigen presentation and cytotoxic programs and enrichment in CD8-like T cells in single-cell datasets. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Tα1 enhances CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity while alleviating exhaustion, supporting its potential as an adjunct immunomodulator for improving immune surveillance in breast cancer.

P2, N=48, Recruiting, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University

It represents a promising therapeutic approach to counteract age-related immune dysfunction and inflammation, potentially by slowing the aging process. Further research is needed to validate its long-term efficacy and safety in geriatrics.

The incidence of adverse events was lower in the experimental group (50.8% vs 65.8%; χ2 = 8.35, p = 0.004), primarily due to a reduced rate of myelosuppression. The addition of Tα1 to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based chemotherapy may enhance treatment efficacy, improve immune response, and reduce immunosuppression-related toxicity in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer.

It should be noted that the median follow-up of 13.7 months may be insufficient to fully assess long-term survival outcomes and the potential for late-onset toxicities. As this was an exploratory analysis across multiple tumor types, these findings warrant validation in larger, randomized studies with more homogenous cohorts.

Notable medications include RANKL inhibitors, which boost immune cell responses; TGF-β inhibitors, which improve T cell infiltration; and metformin, which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes...On the other hand, aspirin may enhance immune checkpoint inhibitors by blocking the immunological milieu that tumors produce...Future developments in personalized medicine and artificial intelligence may increase the efficacy of drug repurposing in cancer treatment. To fully realize the potential of repurposed medications in enhancing the results for cancer patients, interdisciplinary cooperation between the academic community, business leaders, and regulatory bodies will be required.

P2, N=114, Active, not recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2025 --> Aug 2026

P=N/A, N=420, Not yet recruiting, zhejiang hospital; zhejiang hospital

There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Thymosin α1 combined with the 2HRZE/4HR regimen holds promise as an effective treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by improving immune function and pulmonary function of patients while attenuating the inflammatory response.