Zadaxin (thymalfasin)

It should be noted that the median follow-up of 13.7 months may be insufficient to fully assess long-term survival outcomes and the potential for late-onset toxicities. As this was an exploratory analysis across multiple tumor types, these findings warrant validation in larger, randomized studies with more homogenous cohorts.

Notable medications include RANKL inhibitors, which boost immune cell responses; TGF-β inhibitors, which improve T cell infiltration; and metformin, which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes...On the other hand, aspirin may enhance immune checkpoint inhibitors by blocking the immunological milieu that tumors produce...Future developments in personalized medicine and artificial intelligence may increase the efficacy of drug repurposing in cancer treatment. To fully realize the potential of repurposed medications in enhancing the results for cancer patients, interdisciplinary cooperation between the academic community, business leaders, and regulatory bodies will be required.

P2, N=114, Active, not recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial primary completion date: Aug 2025 --> Aug 2026

P=N/A, N=420, Not yet recruiting, zhejiang hospital; zhejiang hospital

There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Thymosin α1 combined with the 2HRZE/4HR regimen holds promise as an effective treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by improving immune function and pulmonary function of patients while attenuating the inflammatory response.

Our findings question the tumor immunomodulatory properties of Tα1, simultaneously underscoring the importance of further investigating Tα1 influence on specific immune cell subsets in the periphery or within the tumor microenvironment of cancer patients. This would contribute to understand Tα1 potential in immunotherapy-based combination strategies, within the anti-tumor setting.

All patients received CCRT (60-64 Gy total irradiation dose, weekly concurrent docetaxel and cisplatin) with or without consolidative nivolumab...This combination may enhance survival outcomes and reduce treatment-related toxicity. Further randomized trial is warranted for validation.

P2, N=30, Not yet recruiting, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University

P=N/A, N=27, Not yet recruiting, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University

P1, N=75, Recruiting, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026

Moreover, the growth of PDAC tumors was inhibited by CD8+ T cells with high efficacy under the combination treatment. Thus, IFN-α and Tα1 plus tislelizumab enhance the anticancer activity of CD8+ T cells toward PDAC, representing an alternative strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy.

By postoperative day 7, we observed median decreases in T cells, B cells, NK cells, and memory T cells of -26.1%, -30.8%, -44.8%, and -2.3%, respectively. In contrast, naive T cells and regulatory T cells increased by 6.0% and 15.0%. Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) treatment proved to be a protective factor, significantly reducing the decline in T and B cell counts (p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified higher Interleukin-1β levels (HR = 3.66, p = 0.01), longer operation times (HR = 2.98, p = 0.02), and Tα1 therapy (HR = 0.15, p = 0.01) as independent predictors of T cell reduction. These findings highlight Tα1's potential as a therapeutic intervention to mitigate lymphocyte depletion, suggesting its incorporation into postoperative care could enhance immune recovery and patient outcomes. This study illuminates key immunological changes following gastric cancer surgery, offering pathways to improve postoperative management and patient health.