axitinib

After receiving targeted combination immunotherapy with sequential PD-1 inhibitors (toripalimab) plus anti-angiogenic agents (sunitinib, axitinib)-a regimen that enhances anti-tumor immunity but may disrupt pulmonary immune homeostasis-the patient gradually developed progressive dyspnea, chest tightness, hypoxemia, and anuria. Although PJP complicated by hydropneumothorax after immunotherapy is rare, it should be considered as a possible etiology when cancer patients develop progressive dyspnea with difficulty maintaining oxygen saturation after receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy, particularly in the context of immune checkpoint inhibitor use. While biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy efficacy and irAEs are well-studied, the identification of specific biomarkers for predicting opportunistic infections like PJP in this context remains an area of active research.

Molecular profiling leveraged IMmotion151 (A Study of Atezolizumab in Combination With Bevacizumab Versus Sunitinib in Participants With Untreated Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma) trial data with whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and programmed cell death ligand 1 immunohistochemistry. Systemic standard of care treatments for mRCC, which include vascular endothelial growth factor receptor targeted therapy (VEGF-TT [sunitinib or pazopanib]), immune-oncology-VEGF (IO-VE [pembrolizumab and axitinib, pembrolizumab and lenvatinib, nivolumab and cabozantinib, or avelumab and axitinib]), and 2 IO (IO-IO [ipilimumab and nivolumab]) regimens...In this cohort study, the very favorable risk subgroup had a less immunogenic molecular profile and superior outcomes from VEGF-containing regimens (VEGF-TT and IO-VE) compared with the favorable risk group. The IO-IO combination showed significantly worse survival in this population, suggesting that VEGF inhibition remains essential for optimal outcomes.

Clinical trial outcomes with axitinib plus avelumab differ significantly by ACC subtype. Furthermore, the identified 167-gene immune-related signature predicts clinical benefit to immunotherapy-based combinations in ACC. These findings provide a framework for future biomarker-driven trial design and patient stratification strategies for this rare malignancy.

IHC confirmed a decrease in microvessel density post-treatment and indicated larger hypoxic areas in treated tumors compared to controls at the experimental endpoint. The newly introduced approach thus facilitates experimental studies aiming at optimization of antiangiogenic treatment regimens and their subsequent combination with other treatment modalities, such as radiation therapy, where effectiveness may strongly depend on the vascular network condition and tumor oxygenation levels.

The results from this multinational cohort suggest that high intratumoral infiltrations of TILs and MPs, along with low stromal FB densities, may be associated with better response to ICI-containing treatment in NPC. Further studies in larger, expanded cohorts are warranted, and prospective validation is needed.

P1/2, N=37, Active, not recruiting, Hao Zeng | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Jun 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2025 --> Apr 2026

P=N/A, N=43, Not yet recruiting, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University

P2, N=25, Recruiting, Stephanie Berg | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

Therapeutic advances are reshaping the management of nccRCC, with IO/TKI regimens and histology-specific therapies showing promise. Continued integration of molecular classification, rare subtype-specific trials, and international collaboration will be essential to establish evidence-based treatment standards for this diverse and understudied population.

CBD demonstrates promising multi-target activity against critical signaling molecules in breast cancer and may serve as a safer, natural therapeutic candidate. Further preclinical and clin-ical investigations are warranted.

P2, N=78, Recruiting, Yonsei University

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is predominantly treated with anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs), such as sunitinib and axitinib. CTGF may thus serve as both a predictive biomarker and a therapeutic target. These findings support further investigation of CTGF inhibition as a strategy to overcome AAT resistance and improve treatment outcomes in ccRCC patients.